朋友對你說「I am tired」,你要轉告給別人的時候,通常不會原封不動搬過去,而是說「他說他很累」。英文的轉述,需要動的地方有三個:時態、人稱、時間與地點詞。先看時態,因為它最容易被忘記哦。
時態往後退一步
轉述的動詞如果是過去式(said、told、asked),被轉述的那句話,時態通常要「往過去退一格」:
| 原話 | 轉述時 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在簡單式 | 過去簡單式 | "I like it." → He said he liked it. |
| 現在進行式 | 過去進行式 | "I am working." → She said she was working. |
| 過去簡單式 | 過去完成式 | "I saw him." → She said she had seen him. |
| 現在完成式 | 過去完成式 | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| will | would | "I will call." → He said he would call. |
| can | could | "I can swim." → She said she could swim. |
這張表裡最容易卡住的是過去簡單式退成過去完成式的那一列,這個時態如果還不熟,值得先去複習一下再回來對照表格。
"I am tired," Tom said. — 「我很累。」Tom 說。
Tom said (that) he was tired. — Tom 說他很累。
that 常常省略。
人稱和時間詞也要跟著換
轉述是「站在另一個時間、另一個角度」講的,所以代名詞要換成合理的人稱,時間詞和地點詞常常也要調整:
| 原話 | 轉述時 |
|---|---|
| I、my | he/she、his/her(看是誰說的) |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day/the following day |
| yesterday | the day before/the previous day |
| here | there |
"I will see you tomorrow," she said. — 「我明天見你。」她說。
She said she would see me the next day. — 她說她隔天會來見我。
如果轉述的時間點就在同一天、同一個地方,這些詞其實不一定要改,例如當天說「I'm busy today」,同一天轉述時說 today 也沒問題哦。
say 和 tell
這組很常考:
- say 後面通常直接接內容:He said (that) he was busy.
- tell 後面通常要先接「告訴誰」:He told me (that) he was busy.
「He said me that...」和「He told that...」都是不自然的。如果要在 say 後面加聽者,需要 to:He said to me that... (tell 也有少數固定搭配不接人,例如 tell the truth、tell a story,這類是慣用說法。)say、tell 還有 speak、talk 這一組動詞的完整比較,可以看這一篇。
轉述問句和命令
疑問句轉述後,語序要回到一般的敘述句,而且不再需要 do/does/did,句尾也不用問號。
"Where do you live?" — 「你住哪裡?」
She asked me where I lived. — 她問我住在哪裡。
Yes/No 問句用 if 或 whether:
"Are you hungry?" — 「你餓嗎?」
He asked if I was hungry. — 他問我是不是餓了。
命令、請求用 tell/ask + 人 + to + 動詞原形,否定是 not to:
"Please sit down." — 「請坐。」
The teacher told us to sit down. — 老師叫我們坐下。
"Don't be late." — 「不要遲到。」
She told me not to be late. — 她叫我不要遲到。
怎麼練習
把轉述想成「換個角度重新講一次」,就不用死背表格哦!我第一次寫這類題目時,常常時態改了,卻忘了 tomorrow 要換成 the next day,哈哈。所以做題時可以照順序檢查:轉述動詞是什麼、時態退了沒、人稱對不對、時間詞有沒有調整。
檢查完之後,下面那顆「我學會了」也順手按一下,讓我知道你學會了吧 (❛◡❛✿)